Music Trade Review

Issue: 1922 Vol. 74 N. 12

Music Trade Review -- © mbsi.org, arcade-museum.com -- digitized with support from namm.org
MARCH 25,
1922
9
THE MUSIC TRADE REVIEW
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The Measurement of Hammer-velocity Offers the Player Engineer a Wide
Field for Active Experimentation and the Resultant Discoveries Will Do
Much to Evolve Some New Principles of Pneumatic Construction and Design
Two fields for experimentation and research
lie before the pneumatic engineer, neither of
which has as yet been treated with merited re-
spect. It is not at all likely that the mechan-
isms for tone production in the piano will be
subjected to any special modification through
the interposition or influence of the pneumatic
player mechanism, and it is quite certain that
the especial mechanical advantage of that method
—the dynamic value of the variable hammer-
blow—will always be preserved. It therefore be-
comes at once obvious that the pneumatic mech-
anism ought to be developed with especial refer-
ence to this feature and with the purpose of tak-
ing the utmost advantage of its peculiarities.
Already much excellent work has been done
in respect of obtaining variations of air-pres-
sures in the pneumatics, whereby the velocity of
motion of the same in action may correspond-
ingly be varied, either at the will of the human
operator or by automatically controlled pressure-
regulating devices. But there are two incidental
fields which are not yet developed to any extent,
and which deserve a great deal of attention. One
of these relates to the weights to be moved dur-
ing the action of operating the hammers. The
other relates to measurement of hammer-velocity
and the determination of power consumption in
obtaining such velocities.
Measuring Velocities
Every engineer who has examined the piano
action can see at once that the strength of the
hammer-blow, which is variable in (theoretically)
an unlimited number of degrees, is a function of
the velocity of travel of the hammer between the
position of rest and the string. Nor is any argu-
ment needed to convince an engineer that the
only possible way of discovering how exactly to
command these velocities through appropriately
controlled pneumatic mechanisms is to begin by
measuring the velocities themselves. First we
must know what speeds produce certain results,
and then only can we determine the precise de-
sign of the mechanism to be employed in pro-
ducing them.
The player mechanism as now designed is, of
course, the product of empirical experiment. It
performs its functions very well, but it should
perform them even better. At present, when the
human performer is at the pedals, controlling the
air-pressure from moment to moment, according
to the musical needs of the composition he is
interpreting, no great exactness of design is im-
perative. The performer acts in one way upon
the piano and exerts a control quite as powerful
as that exercised more directly by the manual
pianist. But when we consider the automatic-
expression player mechanisms and observe how
necessary it is to eliminate all chance for error
and to take advantage of every mechanical or
physical fact that may assist in making the auto-
matic control more perfect we see how the be-
havior of the piano action under all conditions of
motion ought to form the subject of a special re-
search for the purposes and on the behalf of the
player mechanism.
The Two Principles
The problem involved in measuring the
velocity of a hammer's motion is not very diffi-
cult in principle. It may be considered in two
possible ways. On the one hand, the time inter-
val between the termination of the period of rest
and the contact with the string may be deter-
mined electrically, by means of the regular
chronoscopic system. On the other hand, advan-
tage may be taken of the rebound of the hammer
to test the velocity index by measuring the
amplitude of the rebound. It is obvious thai
much can be said for each of these principles.
The electric measuring system has the advan-
tage that it disturbs least of all the mechanism oi
touch and that therefore the pianist is less likely
to register erroneously or interpret imperfectly
through exposure to unaccustomed and defective
instrumental conditions. But it is a question
whether any form of measurement involving the
calculation of time intervals is as convenient as
one based upon mechanical motion. Of course,
if a series of time-interval registrations arc taken
during the performance of a piece of music the
resulting figures can be platted on a graph which
will show clearly the course of the interpretation
as concerns dynamics. In this way a valuable
check may be obtained upon the action of the ex-
pression mechanism of the player.
(Continued on page 10)
Simple, Accessible Design
Good Workmanship and Materials
Automatic centralizing and
tracking device
Double-acting motor
3-piece valve
Metal tubing, cloth covered
Hardwood construction
"Built to play"
SPECIFY "Pratt R e a d "
OVER 48,000 ALREADY IN USE
The Pratt Read Player Action Co.
Main Office and Factory, Deep River, Conn.
Foreign Office, 21, Mincing Lane, London.
Music Trade Review -- © mbsi.org, arcade-museum.com -- digitized with support from namm.org
10
THE MUSIC TRADE REVIEW
PNEUMATICS
(Continued front page 9)
The method by mechanical motion, that is to
say, by observing the amplitude of a rebound,
could be arranged without complicated electrical
apparatus, but would have the disadvantage of
interfering, probably, with the touch of the ac-
tion. Apart from these mechanical features, how-
ever, there is no essential difference between the
two suggested principles. In each case the inten-
tion is to obtain a record by chronographic or
kinetic measurement, whereby to determine the
value of any given hammer-velocity, as that value
may later be expressed in some determinate me-
chanical way.
The Object of the Research
What, then, is the object of this procedure?
Plainly, to enable us to know how to design (1)
pneumatics best adapted to move the weights
they are called upon to move and (2) expres-
sion mechanism best adapted to apply the needed
and determined powers requisite to reproduce
hammer-velocities. If by a series of experiments
we find that the entire range of hammer-veloci-
ties can be confined between a certain pair of ex-
tremes, and if, further, by continually platting
curves of which the ordinates are lines which
denote the relative values of these velocities as
geometrically expressed we can discover a law
of averages it is obvious that a flood of light
will be thrown upon the whole problem of de-
signing the pneumatics and the expression mech-
anism. It is almost certain that one result of
such a search would be to show the necessity for
graduating the sizes of the pneumatics from bass
to treble. It is quite certain that the present pow-
er limits of the expression mechanisms generally
in use would have to be extended and the means
for applying the various graduations much modi-
fied.
Results of Research
It is, however, still more certain that one of
tlie very greatest of the advantages which would
flow from such a research would be found in a
determination of the number of power levels ac-
tually needed in practice and of the manner in
which, on the average, the transition from one to
The Keynote of Player Salesmanship Is
Demonstration
The player-piano that wins out against competition on the basis
of a demonstration of its mechanical and musical merits is the
player-piano that wins in sales.
Supreme among instruments that stand in this small but super-
lative class is the wonderful
M. Schulz Co. Player-Piano
Its Mechanical Features are
d e m o n s t r a b l y superior in
respect of mechanical
Its Musical Powers appeal to
every lover of every kind of
music, for it excels in
IT
Simplicity
Durability
Maintenance
Ease of Playing
Responsiveness
Power
MARCH 25, 1922
the other is actually made. It is quite certain
that by such determination the most exacting
of all the problems of reproducing piano design
could be put upon a scientific basis of certainty
from which it could not well be dislodged.
Exposing the Pianist
As a matter of fact, the reproducing piano, in
dealing faithfully and scientifically with the pian-
ist, is doing a very great deal of good to the art
of piano playing. It is gradually laying bare
the secrets of that art and exposing the preten-
sions to scientific method of men whose grasp
of fundamentals has, in fact, never been scientific
at all. Piano playing by hand can never become
an art based entirely and rigidly upon determined
rules. Nor can pneumatic playing, for that mat-
ter. But each can be reduced to a level where
investigation of its physical nature becomes pos-
sible for the first time. When this shall happen
the problem of the reproducing piano will at
once be immensely simplified.
Of course, it is too much to say that any amount
of investigation or of recording velocities of ham-
mer-motion can ever be made to work auto-
matically. The work of the editor will always
be essential. But the point is that at present we
are working in the dark. We ought not to be
compelled to work in this way. It should be pos-
sible and, in iact, is possible, to measure ham-
mer-velocities, which is simply another way of
saying that it is possible to measure the strength
of the blow of a hammer delivered against a string.
If it can be done in one instance by any valid
method whereby it can be evaluated in graphic
form, then it can be done in a multitude of in-
stances. And that means that the strength of
every hammer-blow delivered during the entire
performance of piano playing can be measured.
The mechanism must be worked out, but surely it
can be worked out. And by one of the two meth-
ods mentioned worked out it surely will be.
DU0=ART PIANO TO BE FEATURED
Will Occupy a Prominent Place in the Program
to Be Given at Albemarle Theatre, Brooklyn,
for the Benefit of the Flatbush Boys' Club
At a concert to be given at the Albemarle The-
atre, Brooklyn, N. Y., on March 28, for the benefit
of the Flatbush Boys' Club and Community Cen-
ter, the Duo-Art piano will have a prominent
place in the program. The entertainment will
open with the playing of Paderewski's interpreta-
tion of the "Military Polonaise" by the Duo-Art
and that instrument will also provide the accom-
paniment for the two festival dancers, the music
being Bauer's playing of the "Minuet" and Grain-
ger's playing of his "Country Gardens." A Duo-
Art piano will also play in the lobby of the thea-
tre before the performance and during intermis-
sions. The general program will be a lengthy
one, and in addition to motion picture features
will include numbers by the LaForge Quartet
and the University Glee Club. The theatre has
already been practically sold out for the affair
and Flatbush society will be well represented.
AMPICO CONCERTS^ROUSE INTEREST
A Dealer who takes up seriously the selling
of the S C H U L Z system in player-pianos
finds himself immune to competitive attack.
Full details on all pertinent points, for the asking, from
M. SCHULZ
Founded 1869
General Offices
Schulz Building
711 Milwaukee Ave.
CHICAGO
CO.
Southern Wholesale Branch
1530 Candler Bldg.
ATLANTA, GA.
NKWARK, N. J., March 20.—The Armstrong
Piano Co., Broad street, this city, has attracted
considerable attention to the Knabc reproducing
pianos which it handles through the series of
noon-day concerts held in the First Presbyterian
Church. A Knabe with the Ampico is used at
these concerts, which are held each Friday.
TONK REPRODUCING FOR P. A. TONK
Among the recent shipments made by William
Tonk & Bro., Thirty-sixth street and Tenth aver
nue, New York, was one of a Tonk reproducing
grand to Percy A. Tonk, president of the Tonk
Mfg. Co., Chicago, which will be used in Mr.
Tonk's palatial home in Evanston, Til.
Consult the universal Want Directory of
The Review. In it advertisements are inserted
free of charge for men who desire positions.

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