Presto

Issue: 1920 1757

THE PRESTO BUYERS*
GUIDE CLASSIFIES ALL
PIANOS AND PLAYERS
AND THEIR MAKERS
PRESTO
£.tabu,h*d 1894 THE AMERICAN MUSIC TRADE WEEKLY
THE PRESTO YEAR BOOK
IS THE ONLY ANNUAL
REVIEW OP
THE MUSIC TRADES
/• c*nt. ; $2.00 « i w
PIANO FELTS AND3H0W THEY AREfMADE
The Development of the Felt Industry, with Special Reference to PianolHammers, and
Other Essential Parts of Musical Instruments, from the Beginning
to the Present Day.
By ALFRED DOLGE
(Copyright by Presto Publishing Co., reproduction prohibited)
Felt is a fabric formed of wool or hair, or wool
and hair, without weaving, by taking advantage of
the natural tendency of the fibres of the wool and
hair to interlace and mat together by aid of moisture
and heat during the continuous process of rolling,
beating and pressure.
The tendency of certain kinds of wool or hair to
mat together must have been discovered by primi-
tive man.
The nests of many kinds of birds exhibit a rude
sort of felt lining, and our cave dwelling ancestors'
sole wardrobe was a sheepskin coat, which with use
became densely matted.
The poet Homer speaks of helmets used by the
Greek warriors having a felt lining, and of cowskin
shoes lined with felt.
Caius Julius Caesar organized a light brigade
which had felt breast plates as a protection against
the enemy's weapon.
In the ruins of Pompeii, a complete plant for
scouring and pressing of felts has been found.
Felt hats were made in England as far back as
1400 A. D.
FELT IN INDUSTRY.
Felt has always held a leading place in the indus-
trial arts of the oriental races, and to this day the
thick numuds of Persia are remarkable, not only for
their durability, but also for the beautiful ornamen-
tation produced by the felted inlay of colored goods.
The Calnucks use felt for making their tents. It
would seem that the art of felt making, although
in a primitive way, was known long before the spin-
ning wheel was invented.
The first attempts for using machinery for the
production of felts were made in England.
A felting machine was invented by a certain
Bishop, who was running a small mill in the neigh-
borhood of Norwalk, Connecticut. As usual, Bishop
met the experience that "a prophet is not without
honor save in his own country." He therefore went
to England, where he found sufficient encourage-
ment to develop his machine, and put his invention
to practical use. Consequently for many years
English felt manufacturers controlled the markets of
the world with their goods.
Upon Bishop's return to America it seems that he
was instrumental in starting a felt mill at Norwalk,
Connecticut, which enterprise met with success and
failure in proportion as it enjoyed either protection,
r suffered under free trade experiments of the gov-
rnment.
After the Civil War, when the necessity of the
overnment treasury compelled a protective tariff,
everal felt mills started up in New York, Pennsyl-
ania and Massachusetts. They manufactured felts
or decorating purposes, felt carpets and felt skirts;
hile hat making had long before been developed to
he highest degree in the United States.
FIRST FELT FOR HAMMERS.
Fine felts, such as are used for piano hammers and
iano actions, were first made by Billion, of Paris,
n whose factory young men from Germany and
England learned the art of making piano felts, and
hus the industry spread over Europe.
The first factory for piano felts in America was
tarted by Alfred Dolge in 1871, at Dolgeville, N. Y.
iis product received the highest prize at the
Vorld's Exposition at Vienna, 1873, where he ex-
ibited piano hammer felts weighing as much as 22
bs. to the sheet, having a thickness of 1% in the
iass part, the heaviest piano hammer felt ever pro-
uced by any manufacturer up to that time. This
nusually heavy felt was made for Steinway & Sons,
nd used in their concert grand pianos.
The felt industry of America has kept pace with
e growth of the country, and at the present time
ere are from eight to ten millions of dollars in-
ested in that industry.
Large quantities of felt are consumed in the man-
acture of felt slippers and shoes, an industry in-
There are two essential requisites for a good piano
hammer felt.
First, it must be well felted, that is, the fibre very
closely connected to insure wearing quality, because
the continual pounding of the hammer against the
steel strings in the piano is liable to cut the fibre
of the felt if only loosely felted. But with this thor-
ough felting, a pronounced elasticity is indispensable
in order to enable the hammer to rebound from the
string quickly in order to permit of the immediate
free vibration of the strings after the hammer has
struck the same.
In these two requisites arises the art of making
felt for piano hammers, and many a good felt manu-
facturer who excelled in making cloth felts, etc., has
lost a fortune in the attempt of making piano ham-
mer felt. Not less than twenty-six establishments
have attempted to make piano felts in the United
States, and out of that number are only three in ex-
istence today.
To accomplish a good felting or matting of the
wool, as required in piano hammer felt, it is all-im-
portant that the wool, after being carefully sorted
according to its class, should be treated with the
greatest care in the scouring process. No chemicals
of any kind should be used.
Shrinkage in the scouring process in fine Merino
wools is in the average 75 per cent; that is to say,
100 lbs. of wool from the sheep's back will yield only
25 lbs. workable wool after it is thoroughly scoured
and cleansed.
After the scouring process, the most important
part of treating the wool is in the drying process, for
which usually an apparatus is used which is heated
up to 150 degrees and over.
The wool is spread on a wire netting and passes
through this hot oven; the heat being so intense,
and the wool after leaving the scouring bowls being
very tender, it is seriously affected by this excessive
heat, and consequently the elasticity and life of the
wool is destroyed to a large degree by this artificial
drying process.
DRYING IN CALIFORNIA.
troduced by Alfred Dolge in 1876. It is estimated
To avoid this artificial drying, Alfred Dolge
that from two to three million pairs of felt slippers
started factories for making piano hammer felt at
and shoes are sold annually in the United States.
Dolgeville, in Southern California, where wool is
Large quantities of felt are also used for industrial
dried and bleached entirely by the rays of the sun.
purposes.
The equal and salubrious climate of Southern Cali-
fornia makes such treatment possible, because as a
USE MANY KINDS OF WOOL.
rule in that climate there are about 300 days of sun-
Nearly all kinds of wool are used in the making
shine in the year. The average temperature is about
of felts, beginning with the coarse Russian and East
80 degrees, which of course does not affect the fine
India wools, for polishing felts, to the finest Merino
fibre of the wool at all.
wools, for piano hammer felts.
From the drier the wool passes through machines
Merino sheep flourished in Spain before the Chris-
called pickers for the purpose of separating the veg-
tian era, but it was not until 1765 when the Elector
of Saxony introduced the Merino sheep into his do- etable matter which might be still in the wool, and
also "opening" up the wool.
minion, with great success, and about 1800 the first
After this picking the wool is passed on to a card-
Merino sheep were imported into this country, with
ing machine, by which it is combed, and formed into
such good results that now nearly 95 per cent of
a spider-like web.
American sheep are of Merino origin. Merino wools
In the process of picking and carding all wool,
of Australia and South America, although of very
which is too short to be carried in the web, drops
fine character, are not well adapted for felting pur-
under the carding machine, so that only from 75 to
poses.
80 per cent of the wool going through the picking
The best Merino wools for fine felts are now
and carding process remains for the web.
raised in the Cape of Good Hope country, and the
After the wool is thoroughly carded, it is formed
southwestern States of North America, more espe-
into sheets. By the old and antiquated process felt
cially Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico and
is made in single sheets, the sheet weighing on an
Texas.
average 12 lbs., tapering down from one inch in the
While breeders of sheep have improved the qual-
bass to one-eighth inch in the treble, measuring
ity of Merino herds in America, we find a retrogres-
about a square yard. In this process the bats are
sion in Saxony, where the breeders have turned
taken from the carding machines, and carefully laid
more to the raising of good spinning wool, which
one on top of the other until the proper thickness
yields a better profit than the fine short Merino felt-
has been acquired. When completed such a sheet
ing wool.
will measure from about 8 to 10 inches in height in
Since this article is intended to treat chiefly on
the bass, and is about 54 ins. square, because the
felts used in pianos, of which the most important
wool in the bats is loose and bulky.
part is the felt for the hammers which strike the
Then follows the felting, which is entirely a
strings, we will confine ourselves to a short descrip-
process of shrinking, which is the effort of bringing
tion of the process of manufacturing piano hammer
felt.
(Continued on page 8.)
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RE8TO
PRESTO
PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY AT 407 SOUTH DEAR-
BORN STREET, OLD COLONY BUILDING, CHICAGO, ILL.
C A. DANIELL and FRANK D. ABBOTT
Editors
Telephones: Chicago Tel. Co., Harrison 234; Auto. Tel. Co., Automatic 61-70S.
Private Phones to all Departments. Cable Address (Commercial Cable Co.'s Code),
"PRESTO," Chicago.
Cntered as second-class matter Jan. 29, 1896, at the Post Office, Chicago. Illinois,
%
under Act of March 3, 1879.
Subscription, $2 a year; 6 months, $1; Foreign, $4. Payable in advance. 'No ttr*
rge in U. S. possessions, Canada, Cuba and Mexico.
Address all communications for the editorial or business departments to PRESTO
PUBLISHING CO., Chicago, III.
Advertising Rate*^Three dollars per Inch (13 ems pica) for single insertions.
Six dollars per in,ch per month, less twenty-five per cent on yearly contracts. The
Presto jtoes not sell Its editorial space. Payment Is not accepted for articles of de-
scriptive character or other matter appearing 1 in the news columns. Business notices
will be indicated by the word "advertisement* In accordance with the Act of August
sl^s 1912*
,„
Ratee for advertising in the Year Book issue and Export Supplements of The
Presto will be made known upon application. The Presto Year Book and Export
issues have the njost extensive circulation of any periodicals devoted to the musical
Instrument trades and industries in all parts of the world, and reach completely and
effectually all the houses handling musical instruments of both the Eastern and West-
ern hemispheres.
The Ftesto Buyeis' Guide is the only reliable index to the American Musical
Instruments; It analyzes all Pianos and Player-Pianos, gives accurate estimates it
their values and contains a directory of their manufacturers.
? Items of news, photographs and other matter of general interest to the must*
trades are Invited and when accepted will be paid for. Address all communication* fe»
Presto Publishing Co., Chicago, III.
THURSDAY, MARCH 25, 1920.
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
PRESTO IS ALWAYS GLAD TO RECEIVE NEWS OF THE
TRADE—ALL KINDS OF NEWS EXCEPT PERSONAL SLANDER
AND STORIES OF PETTY MISDEEDS BY INDIVIDUALS. PRESTO
WILL PRINT THE NAMES OF CORRESPONDENTS WHO SEND IN
"GOOD STUFF" OR ARE ON THE REGULAR STAFF. DON'T SEND
ANY PRETTY SKETCHES, LITERARY ARTICLES OR "PEN-PIC-
TURES." JUST PLAIN NEWS ABOUT THE TRADE—NOT ABOUT
CONCERTS OR AMATEUR MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENTS, BUT
ABOUT THE MEN WHO MAKE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND
THOSE WHO SELL THEM. REPORTS OF NEW STORES AND
THE MEN WHO MAKE RECORDS AS SALESMEN ARE GOOD. OF-
TEN THE PIANO SALESMEN ARE THE BEST CORRESPONDENTS
BECAUSE THEY KNOW WHAT THEY LIKE TO READ AND HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR FINDING OUT WHAT IS "DOING" IN
THE TRADE IN THEIR VICINITY. SEND IN THE N E W S -
ALL YOU CAN GET OF IT—ESPECIALLY ABOUT YOUR OWN
BUSINESS.
A BOW OF PROMISE
Industrial prosperity is almost impossible as long as strikes im-
pend and both capital and labor feel the uncertainty of the upheavals
which have kept the world in a state of semi-terror for many years.
The strike, as a means of defense, on the part of working men, is as
old as labor itself. In the early days England tried to check it by
barbarian systems of physical torture and imprisonment. The strikers
were sentenced to mutilation by loss of their ears and other punish-
ment of that kind. But strikes continued and spread until finally they
grew bolder and attacked the fields of labor where interference threat-
ens the very foundations of democracy,
It is time that the world, in its boasted refinement and freedom,
found some way by which to regulate the most vital problem in the
affairs of man. And, considering the many other problems which have
been settled, and the time, thought and fortunes that are put to their
solution, there must be some way by which the menace of spreading
industrial unrest may be quieted once and for all time.
Nothing is impossible in the operation of reasonable legislation.
No obstacles or opposition can stay the purposes of a government
that can by a word, and at once, change the habits and regulate the
personal appetites of its people. There is no such thing as any council
of citizens overthrowing the prosperity of the millions because of
private grievances, real or imaginary. And there should be no such
possibility as the getting together of any self-appointed delegates, or
other quasi officials, for the purpose of stimulating industrial strifes
when regularly chosen representatives of the people might quickly
adjust the misunderstandings and help the smooth and steady flow
of relations as they must exist between employes and employers.
In political campaigns it is a crime, severely punished, for any
candidate to spend more than a fixed and moderate sum of money in
winning election. It is the custom with labor unions to accumulate
large surplus sums of money with which to sustain, strikes, and to
March 25, 1920.
levy tax upon all who remain at work, in "peaceful" shops, for the
support of the strikers. To one who doesn't know much it seems that
there may be evil and corruption in the control and expenditure of
money, by untrained and possibly vicious leaders, exceeding the waste-
ful extravagance of the political campaign. And if one can be checked
the other certainly can be also.
But there is at last promise of some serious effort to settle the
strikes. The industrial commission has submited to the President a
plan which seems to promise well. It should be studied by piano men
as well as others. Every member of the piano trade who has been
annoyed by the shortage in production feels that the cause should be
removed. The strikes in the New York factories have cut down ship-
ments about 40 per cent during the last twelve months. The shifting
of many orders from the Eastern to the Western factories has
placed the latter industries at a disadvantage, and the fact that sup-
plies come so largely from New York has had the effect of interfering
with the Western output nearly as greatly as if the actual strike had
extended throughout the country.
Just now, the piano industry is moving ahead splendidly. The
New York industries are recovering from the effects of the protracted
strikes. But until some permanent settlement of the most vital ques-
tion of the day can be found, the piano trade, as well as others, must
feel the unrest of uncertainty. And we believe that the industrial com-
mission has proposed a plan in which there is the basis of funda-
mental reform and the kind of protection that has long been needed.
WELL-KNOWN SUBSCRIBERS
A little more than a casual estimate shows that of all Presto
readers ninety-three per cent are retail music merchants and their
salesmen. This includes heads of departments. The proportion of
paid subscribers to whose private homes the paper goes regularly is
not large, approximating four per cent, though the copies to the homes
of manufacturers is somewhat larger than that. In some cases the
paper has been going every week to private addresses of industrial
heads for from ten to thirty years without interruption.
And it may amuse a few—though it shouldn't—to know that it
several instances the ladies of the household insist on receiving th<
paper, also. We have a total of sixteen of that kind of attention.l
In one case there was, for some reason, a lapse in sending the papei
to a lady who had long before requested it. After a few weeks ha(
passed a courteous note, in which ill-disguised reproach at what
have seemed like neglect, came with a $2 check inclosed. The ladj
was at once made an honorary life member. She is the wife of one
of the most distinguished piano manufacturers, and her interest ii
trade affairs is widely recognized.
A rather surprising fact in connection with the mailing list
the number of small music publishers who are regular readers. Anc
they are among the most insistent inquirers in the "Where Doubts
Are Dispelled" department. It is curious, too, that the small pub
lishers seem to be perpetually concerned with the activities of th<
"Songs wanted" gentry. They appear to seek some methods of pub
licity and promotion which may wholly depart from the questionabl*
practices implied. It is a good sign, and in one case, within a weel
a small publisher in the West forwarded to this paper a sworn affidavH
stating that he would print no song that might be "in the least sugl
gestiye of smut or calculated to bring the blush to the cheek of th(
most refined." He wanted advertising rates, but when his sonj
arrived the publisher was told to save his money; that he had pr<
duced nothing with a spark of promise in it; that, while there is notl
ing shameful in the line "May God Almighty bring you bliss,"
sung to commonplace accent it could not prove inspiring.
Certainly the music publishers are doing better, anyway. Wl
mean the smaller ones. The nests of erotic vultures that cluster
the top-story lofts in middle New York are the same as when she<
music was first blown out of Pond's and Ditson's and Peters' and Goi
don's and landed in the cess-pools of Hit Alley. The hope now lies i|
the great music roll industry. With such powerful influences as tl
Republic Corporation, the Imperial Company, the Q R S Company
and the rest, it will not take long to close both the bung and tl
spigot of the intemperate sewers of song slush.
It was the purpose at first to attempt a tabulation of the pianl
salesmen who, independently of their employers, are regular subscrilf
ers to this paper. Some years back a systematic effort was made
win a large reading of that kind, and with success, as the frequenc
with which the Presto Watch Fob is seen testifies. But we failt
to carry that line of investigation far, though the daily letters whic
come afford ample evidence that the salesmen, are with us in sympj
thetic numbers. To show how much in earnest the traveling piai
Enhanced content © 2008-2009 and presented by MBSI - The Musical Box Society International (www.mbsi.org) and the International Arcade Museum (www.arcade-museum.com).
All Rights Reserved. Digitized from the archives of the MBSI with support from NAMM - The International Music Products Association (www.namm.org).
Additional enhancement, optimization, and distribution by the International Arcade Museum. An extensive collection of Presto can be found online at http://www.arcade-museum.com/library/

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