Music Trade Review

Issue: 1881 Vol. 4 N. 9

Music Trade Review -- © mbsi.org, arcade-museum.com -- digitized with support from namm.org
THE
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With which is incorporated THE MUSIC TRADE JOURNAL.
NEW YORK, JUNE 5TH, 1881.
VOL. IY.
THE THROAT IN ITS RELATIONS TO SINGING.
A SERIES OF POPULAR PAPERS BY WHITFIELD WARD, A.M., M.D.,
TO THE METROPOLITAN THROAT HOSPITAL.
PHYSICIAN
XL
SOME OF THE MORE COMMON THROAT AFFECTIONS OF SINGERS, TOGETHER WITH
THEIR TREATMENT.
The following query is often put to me, why are singers more liable
than any other class of individuals to throat troubles? Simply because they
are continually using this portion of the human organism, which makes
it more susceptible to outside influence on account of the greater amount of
blood being attracted the parts.
In affections of the throat, the mouth may be only involved and the
larynx free from disease, or the larynx may be attacked the mouth escaping,
or what most generally happens, both the mouth and the larynx may be
attacked together. I will pass over the many diseases of the mouth as they
will be of little interest to the non-medical mind and allude to some of the
more interesting of laryngeal affections, which are commonly met with in
singers. The most common disorder in the laryngeal tube is an ordinary
simple inflammation, or as it is popularly termed a " cold." There are many
ways of taking cold in this the most changeable of all climates. Among
the prominent of which are, an untimely changing from a heavy to a lighter
texture of clothing or vice versa; sitting in draughts; the wetting of the
body, especially the feet; sleeping at night under open windows with an
insufficient amount of covering, &c., &c. A special cause with reference to
vocalists is, the passage from a warm apartment to the street, particularly in
cold weather, immediately after singing. The cold is contracted because
the vocal organs are temporarily congested—a natural consequence of sing-
ing—which renders the organ particularly liable to atmospheric action.
This subject has been fully discussed in the article entitled " t h e care of
the voice," and need not be again entered upon here. The most prominent
symptom of a common cold is hoarseness. The voice is hoarse in direct
proportion to the amount of inflammation. In some intense cases the voice
is utterly gone, the person so affected being unable to speak above a whisper.
The other symptoms, which will be instantly recognized by those who have
thus suffered, are a tickling of the throat and a greater or less amount of
cough according to the severity of the inflammation. In the treatment of a
common cold most any person will be able to give you one if not more reme-
dies that will, according to the ideas of the donator, assuredly effect a cure.
I n some instances when the nature of the affection is mild, simply confining
one's self to the house and enclosing the neck in poultices, or what not, as
we all know by personal experience, will be all that is necessary to effect a
cure in the majority of instances after the lapse of a varying amount of time,
say from a week to ten days. But in cases of professional vocalists, who
cannot afford to lay by for so long a period, other treatment than that just
alluded to is demanded. There is another and a great reason why singers
should have the proper treatment, and that is that a certain per cent, of
these cases of ordinary colds do not recover in themselves, but pass on to a
chronic inflammation of the larynx, a most persistent and troublesome affec-
tion, and one necessitating a regular course of treatment.
Therefore, although the non-professional may tamper with their throats
and trust to nature to affect a cure, the singer, whose livelihood depends
upon his voice, dare not run the risk, since the beginning of the breaking
down of many voices can be traced to some such effect as the above. There
is only one way in which inflammation, when it has taken hold of the inside
of the larnyx can be combated, namely: by the introduction of medicines
directly into the tube by means of little camels' hair brushes or sprays. In
this way the affected parts are touched and the disease conquered. To those
who have carefully read my foregoing papers, it will be superfluous to state
that medicines cannot be applied to the interior of the voice-box except by
means of the little mirror of the laryngoscope, since the parts are out of the
direct line of vision, or, to use literal language "around the corner." In
order to perform this little feat, the larynx must be displayed on the little
mouth-mirror, and the brush entered into the interior of the organ by means
of the image thereof. I would respectfully beg to say a few words to the
musical profession respecting the application of remedies to the larynx in
the way I have just described. Singers have a popular dread of being thus
treated, and this feeling is fostered by many teachers or voice-trainers
who instruct their pupils "never to let any one poke a brush down their
throats." This advice is absurdity and folly in the highest degree, and
can only be engendered by a total ignorance of the subject. If the
brush is properly used, and the right medicine is applied, I will
defy anybody to say that the voice can be thus harmed. If it were
so there would be no virtue in medicine, neither would there be any
use of spending years in studying up and perfecting one's self in this the
most interesting of the medical sciences. I will not deny that if the brush
is used by a person unskilled in treating the larynx or the remedies adminis-
tered be too strong or of a wrong nature, that harm might result to the suf-
ferer, but this is not the fault of the regular specialist, but rather of the
seeker after advice, who should see to it that they are in the right hands.
The dread which some singers have of the introduction of a brush into the
larynx is sometimes exceedingly laughable, and only equaled by the surprise
exhibited by the same individuals, when they ascertain by practical experi-
No. 9
ence, how simple the thing is when it is done properly. The sensations
experienced by the patient during the passage of the brush into the larynx
are of the most trifling nature, there being not the slightest pain caused by
the skillful operator.
There is one point on which I must strenuously advise the sufferer
with a cold, and that is not to sing while hoarseness exists. That soma
teachers make their pupils sing while the voice is in this condition, is a well-
known fact. Why they do this I am unable to state, except it is their
love of gain. Many of the chronic affections which are so frequently found
in the throat, are no doubt caused by such acts of in judiciousness as this.
In conclusion I cannot lay too much stress upon the importance of singers
attending to the affection above described, as a few applications at the right
time might save a tedious course of treatment, extending perhaps over sev-
eral months. A chronic inflammation of the larynx, or as it is technically
called, chronic laryngitis, is an exceedingly troublesome affection. It is also
often very insidious in its development, generally occupying from two to six
months. Its prime cause is a neglected cold or a series of neglected colds.
The vocalist afflicted with this disease gradually notices that the voice is not
the same as it used to be; that the high notes are difficult te take and some-
what blurred; that a much greater effort is required to produce tones that
could hitherto be sounded with extreme ease; that the richness of the voice
is considerably diminished; and that execution is more labored. In fact to
speak in a general way, the voice is giving out. If the above symptoms are
accompanied with a slight hacking cough and a persistent tickling of the
throat, together with a dryness of the parts, and the expectoration of a frothy
matter, the person so affected may rest assured that he has this disease.
Unless the affection is arrested by the proper course of treatment, the signs
above enumerated are bound to become intensified, which will sooner or later
altogether destroy the singing voice. In ordinary cases the talking voice is
not so much affected, but in some severe types of the disease, it is markedly
influenced and sometimes altogether gone. A most common cause among
singers for this variety of laryngeal disease is a strained voice. When pro-
perly used the vocal cords can perform a remarkable amount of work, but
when abused these delicate bands will soon show the effects of the maltreat-
ment by failing to respond when called upon. The most common effect of a
strain of the voice is a giving way, or a relaxation of the cords. Naturally
the two vocal cords when they are. brought toge-
ther present a very firm appearance. Now if these
bodies are relaxed, they will be seen to be very
flabby when they are abducted or approximated.
This manifestation will be instantly understood by
gazing for a moment on the subjoined pictui'e and
comparing it with the natural firmness of the vocal
cords as shown in Fig. 10.
Another prominent effect produced by the same
Cords.
^f
order that the cords shall vibrate properly—an
element which, as already shown, is absolutely necessary to vocalization—
they must be very thin, consequently if they be abnormally thick a proper
vibration of them will be out of the question, hence the voice will be seri-
ously impaired. As has been already stated with reference to the treatment
of ordinary colds, chronic laryngitis can only be cured by the direct appli-
cations of medicines to the diseased organs through the agency of brushes
or sprays. A paralysis of one or more of the vocal muscles is quite fre-
quently seen as a direct result of an abuse of the voice. Any of the vocal
muscles may be thus affected, the principal ones involved, however, being
the set known as the adductors or approximators of the vocal cords. A most
interesting case of this variety of throat affection occurred to me in my prac-
tice a little less than a year ago. The case referred to was that of a delicate
young lady, aged about 18, a pupil of one of the conservatories in this city.
Upon questioning her I ascertained that although her voice had been good
up to within three or four weeks, at the time of her examination it was impos-
sible for her to utter any musical sound except with the greatest effort. Acts of
talking also produced a considerable amount of pain. Upon a laryngoscopic
examination I readily discerned the cause of all her difficulty, namely: an
imperfect adduction or approximation of the vocal cords due to a paralysis
of one of the adductor muscles. The case was of such interest that I had a
drawing made of it which I present below.
If the reader will go back and study for a mo-
ment the manner in which adduction is performed,
in the article on the anatomy of the throat, he
will readily comprehend the explanation of the
subj oined picture. He will there see that there are
two adductor muscles; that one draws together
the two bones to which the cords are attached
behind (the arytenoid cartillages), whilst the other
revolves these bones inwards. Now in the sub-
joined case the arytenoid is the paralyzed muscle,
Fig. 16. Case of paralysis of one and as this body when acting normally draws
of the Adductor Muscles.
together the two arytenoid cartillages (A), hence
these two bones as shown above are widely separated, and as the vocal cords
(C) are attached to them these bands must likewise be separated (B). The
cords meet properly in the upper part of the drawing, because the other
adductor muscle not being paralyzed, is enabled to revolve the two cartil-
lages inwards in a normal manner.
134
Music Trade Review -- © mbsi.org, arcade-museum.com -- digitized with support from namm.org
THE MUSICAL CRITIC AND TRADE REVIEW.
Junej;th, 1881.
The treatment of paralysis of the vocal cords consists essentially in the to have all the pieces which have been given to a pupil, from the very
application of electricity not outside the neck, as is generally done by non- simplest, numbered in the order in which they have been taken, and to make
laryngoscopists but internally, by means of a curved instrument. When this bhe pupil work them through again seriatim, one by one together with the
form of medication is thus applied directly to the diseased structures the practice of the piece just in process of learning. When we have arrived at
results are exceedingly gratifying, cases often completly recovering and the the end of the repertoire, then commence again in this way. In returning
to the old work, progress will be tested, and we shall be better able to give
voice being thoroughly restored in a short time.
Tumors, or as they are technically termed polyps, are quite frequently each work its polishing touches. Even in the most elementary work it will
found attached to the vocal cords. The existence of one of these masses in be found there are many points which we may make the experience gained
the larynx, would preclude the possibility of singing on account of the inter- since it was first attempted to bear upon and elucidate, though the pupil
ference "which it would cause to the proper mechanical action of the cords. may have fancied at the time he had fully exhausted the interest therein.
The finding of one of these tumors in the voice-box has often solved the But with some pupils there is a difficulty in getting them to make this con-
mystery of a loss of voice of several years standing. An exceedingly in- tinual round of their repertoire; they grow tired, after a little time, of their
teresting case of the above nature presented itself to my clinic of the Metro- former pieces. But, if the teacher does not make any release in his demands
politan Throat Hospital several years ago. The case was that of a gentleman for a fresh study of an old piece to be made for him at every lesson, the prac-
aged about 40, who had suffered from impairments of the voice for many tice will grow into a.habit, the disinclination to the play ing-over of the " old
years. Upon making a laryngoscopic examination the appearance of the tunes," simply as such, will disappear; the pupil will begin to appreciate
his teacher's motive in making this requirement of him, and he will at last
parts were identical with the picture displayed below.
to take a peculiar pleasure in thus traversing the old ground; while it
As is shown in the drawing the tumor was attached get
promote an artistic delight in refining and polishing off (not altogether
to the left vocal cord the rest of the mass being will
to be induced with respect to work upon the mechanical part of which he is
freely movable in the air tube. I removed the yet
he will be able the better to estimate the advance he is mak-
above tumor easily and speedily by introducing an ing; engaged);
and,
moreover,
will be led to play generally with greater ease and
instrument into the larynx by the invaluable aid of confidence than if he he
is doing nothing but struggle with pieces yet beyond
the laryngoscope, by which means the morbid his strength.
mass was twisted off from the cord.
When the teacher happens to have two or more pupils in the same
A most prevalent affection among singers is
catarrh of the head. When this disagreeable family, he should not fail to make duet-playing enter largely into the ordi-
Fig. 17.—A Laryngcai Polyp. ^ j s e a s e j s present in a marked degree it seriously nary scheme of study. Nothing is better calculated to bring a pupil into
affects the voice of the sufferer, more especially the upper tones, as these the way of strict time-keeping, and to make him attentive to minor details,
are produced through the direct agency of the nasal passages. There are than to accustom him to play in concert with others. To play your part so
two causes for this effect. First by a swelling of the passages of the nose and as to make it sound at all well with that of your partner's, you are bound, at
second by a stoppage of them by the accumulation of the discharge which is any rate, to play steadily. I think it best for the teacher not to hear the two
so characteristic of this disease. Both these causes act in the same way i. e., players together till the work has been sudied with either separately. Be-
they prevent the tone-waves which are created in the larynx from traveling sides, this would be found a troublesome method for the teacher himself, as
through their proper channel. For the treatment of nasal catarrh great suc- the recalls would necessarily be so many; and, in attending to the one
cess has been attained. This is entirely due to the laryngoscope, or, as the player, he would perhaps fail to remark the faulty execution of the other.
instrument is called when examining the nose, the rhinoscope, as with this Then, when the one persists with his part after the other has been checked,
apparatus the interior of the nasal organs can be thoroughly explored. This nothing is more likely to make a sensitive teacher for the time an irritable
disease, which has hitherto been placed among the category of incurable one. In their own time, also, it should be seen that pupils prepare well
affections, may now be considered curable. As with laryngeal affections, their parts singly, before bringing them together; else, if they begin by
catarrhal conditions of the nose cam only be cured by the direct application practising together, this will have a tendency to bring about loose and ran-
of medicines to tlie parts by means of brushes and sprays through the invalu- dom playing, rather than any other. In selecting duets, the great difficulty
is to find such in which both players have a pretty fair and equal share of
able agency of the laryngoscope.
the work, so very few good, original, four-handed pianoforte works being
WHITFIELD WAED, M. D., 339 West 23d Street.
extant. If, however, the work of duet-practice should be only regarded as
affording a relief and variation to the more exacting work of solo-playing (as
PRESENTATION TO DR. DAMEOSCH.
it, perhaps, may be taken to be), it will be found necessary, most likely, to
R. DAMROSCH, leader of the Oratorio Society and conductor of the relax a little the bearing of the rule I have wished previously to enforce,
_ chorus of 3,000 voices at the recent music festival, in the Seventh anent "arrangements" of works. Works of this class, however, should be
Regiment Armory in New York city, presided May 19th, in Association Hall, well arranged and lie well for the hands of both players; and the works
at the last rehearsal of the society for the season. The society is preparing themselves need not, though of a light character, necessarily be trashy, nor
for a music festival next spring. In the midst of the rehearsal, Dr. Damrosch should they be all of one particular class such as operatic overtures, e. g. I
was summoned to the ante-room to see a hypothetical visitor on urgent busi- need hardly say, perhaps, that with those pupils accustomed to play toge-
ness. He was surprised at the applause which greeted him when he re- ther there should be an exchange of places at the keyboard with each new
turned to the hall. He understood it when he saw on the stage two large piece put before them.
easy chairs of wickerwork, upholstered in embossed velvet, and two stand-
With no class of learners does the musical instructor have more trouble
ards of ebony, on one of which was a large bust of Beethoven, and on the than with adult ones, especially if these be but beginners. These he will
other a silver tray, bowl, goblet, and ice 2>itcher.
find generally are the most impatient at the finger and mental drudgery ne-
Grace Gayler, for the committee, made the presentation speech and was cessarily attendant upon the outset of a practical musical course, be that de-
applauded by the singers. She said that it had been the intention of the society fined with ever such modest pretensions. The adult musical scholar, who
to obtain a bust of Berlioz for one of the standards, but none could be found has not had any previous tuition, curiously enough almost invariably under-
in the city. A dealer in Paris had shipped one, and as soon as it arrived it estimates considerably the difficulties in the way of his endeavor. He will
" only wish just to amuse himself a little," or would like " to be able to ac-
should be delivered at Dr. Damrosch's residence.
Dr. Damrosch said he was gratified to receive such a present from his company himself in a song," entirely unaware of how much training is neces-
co-workers in the home of his musical life. They had entered into his aims, sary in order to put him in the way of even these assumedly modest attain-
and he was only too gratified at their recent success. To succeed in such an ments. I think the musical teacher would be wise if he declined altogether
undertaking in this great city in a great State was to succeed indeed, to undertake this species of pupil; but if anything should incline him to try
what can be done with it, I can only advise him (even more strongly than I
especially as success in trade and material things is valued so highly here
did with reference to young beginners) to make the work as light as possible.
Certainly, we should be able to say, with Portia, in the "Merchant of
NOTES ON MUSICAL TUITION AND STUDY.
Venice," "Noneso old, but that they may learn." But an adult learner is
BY EUSTACE J. BREAKSPEABE.
generally so soon dissatisfied with his own progress: he may say that he
T should be seen in the first place, that the newly given piece does not only expects to do a little, but he is very rarely content with doing what it
make too great an advance in point of execution upon the last, as the is only to be expected of him that he can do. Inevitable failure waits on his
pupil will either be kept too long over it, or it will be left for something efforts to play ambitious work, or to proceed more rapidly than his set
else before sufficient work has been done upon it. Some learners there are, fingers will allow. It will be best for the teacher to make such an one re-
naturally eager to conquer difficulties, who are fond of attacking works cognize at first in how far they may be under the circumstances likely to pro-
much too difficult for them, thinking that by constant application they will ceed, and how much time will necessarily have to be spent if the work is to
succeed in the end in overcoming them. Self-instructors, especially, are be done at all properly.—London Musical Standard.
liable to fall into this mistake. I have known some to make a sort of drill-
hobby of one particular composition to which they have happened to take a
Miss Helen Lenoir, the manager of Mr. D'Oyly Carte's companies in
fancy. Half the amount of time expended upon work nicely-graduated,
would have given them the ability to overcome in a proper manner works America, was tendered a benefit at the Standard Theatre, on May 19th.
The programme consisted of one act each from the " Pirates of Penzance,"
quite as advanced as this they had set their minds upon acquiring.
It is only, then, by dint of the experience gained in making acquaint- " Pinafore" and " Billee Taylor." In spite of the inclement weather there
ance with more advanced work, that we can really become enabled to put the was a large audience.
finishing-touches to the easier, in coming back to it. Though it will be
The prospectus of the Hershey School of Musical Art of Chicago, for the
found impossible altogether to perform a piece quite perfectly before pro-
Summer term from July 7th to August 10th, has been issued. The
ceeding to a new one (as not much good will be done by keeping a pupil a extra
will include Mr. H. C. Eddy, Mrs. Sara Hershey Eddy, Mr. Frederic
long time over one piece in the idea that every little nuance of expression staff
and fingering shall be perfectly attended to) —still, it must be seen that the Grant Gleason and Mrs. Laura J. Tisdale.
precise object for which the piece was given in the first instance has been
The Boylston Club of Boston, Mass., gave a concert at the Boston Music
duly attained. The pupil, certainly, must be expected to do as much as it Hall, on May 18th, which was of unusual interest, the novelties presented
is possible for him to do with his present piece before taking another in its being numerous and important
place, else he may grow to tire of any work, however pleasing to him at first,
Admirers of Mauricio Dengremont, the young Brazilian violinist, will be
before he has had a dozen hours study upon it, especially if his tutor should
be found inclined to indulge him in this way.* It is a good thing, I find, pleased to learn that he has entirely recovered from the severe illness which
overtook him in New Orleans two months ago. He has regained his strength
* Unfortunately it is the case that so many teacners (ol a sort) give so much music over and and on Monday evening, May 23rd, was able to appear in a concert at Grune-
above what is necessary, for the unworthy reason of adding to their incomes by the profit they wald's Hall, where he was received with immense enthusiasm He will pro-
make on the sale of these teaching-pieces. There should be some limit put to the number of pieces
taken by the pupil in each term of lessons. This -will depend on the frequency of the lessons, and bably appear once in New York prior to his departure for Paris.
the stage of the learner. For those in the first stages I would say four to six pieces in the course
of every three months as being quite a sufficient number. More advanced players will require to
The Diller memorial concert at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, May
read through a larger Dumber ot new works; this, if only for the sake of making them conversant 24th, was successfully conducted by Mr. E. J. Fitzhugh.
widely with the different styles ot composition, and the different writers for the instrument.
D
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