10
COIN
MACHINE
REVIEW
the substance is heated in an atmosphere
of hydrogen to extract the oxygen. Thi's
phase of the process is most important, and
all of the operations are controlled rigidly.
After a thorough mixing, the now-pure
tungsten powder is placed in molds and
subjected to a pressure of 40,000 pounds
per square inch, forming soft, fragile bars
which are heated to irn::andescence by an
electric current and become hard, homo-
geneous metal. The next step in making
filaments consists of swaging or hammering
the bars after they have been heated in an
electric furnace in an atmosphere of hy-
drogen. As the swaging is continued, the
bar changes into a rod which gradually
diminishes in diameter, and when it has
reached- a di'ameter of about one-sixteenth
inch, it has attained sufficient tensile
strength to be pulled through wire-drawing
dies.
Initially the drawing is through metal
dies, but after the wire is reduced to a
diameter of about a hundredth of an inch,
diamond di'es are substituted. The diameter
of the hole in a diamond die is determined
by drawing a length of wire through it,
then weighing the wire. For such measure-
ments a torsion balance, accurate to within
one quarter-billionth of a pound, is used.
After drawi'ng, the wire is machine-
wound into almost invisible coils, some of
which have more than 2,100 turns per inch.
Recently coils themselves have been wound,
like solid wire, into further coils to pro-
duce the most efficient incandescent ele-
ment yet devised: the coiled-coil filament.
Some of these coiled coils are so minute
that operators can inspect them only by
watching their vastly enlarged images pro-
jected on a screen.
The mounting of the filament on the
glass stem, the sealing of this stem in the
bulb, the removal of air and filling of the
bulb with proper gases and the cementing
on of the bases are now accomplished al-
most automatically by a series of ma-
chines. Some of these play gas fumes about
the base, solder the lead wires, and trim
off the excess glass, giving the lamp its
familiar shape.
The life of a familiar general-lighting
Westinghouse Mazda lamp is 750 or 1,000
hours. In the past 10 years Westinghouse
engineers have increased the light output
of the average 60-watt lamps from 690 to
834 lumens, which together with reduced
lamp prices means that the same amount
of light that cost the consumer a dollar
10 years ago now costs only about 82 cents.
Actually, the figure is even less due to re-
ductions effected in the cost of power.
The new fluorescent lamp, a slender,
tubular streamlined light source, first used
in major installations at the New York
World's Fair in 1939, is expected to play a
major role in illuminating the real "World
of Tomorrow."
The daylight fluorescent Mazda lamp
yields the most economical and efficient
approximation of true daylight color yet
found, hence it is finding wide acceptance
for numerous commercial and industrial
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and certain home illumination uses. In the
48-inch, 40-watt size, the daylight fluores-
cent is almost three times as effici'ent-40
lumens per watt for the lamp alone-as the
familiar 60-watt incandescent filament
lamp.
Still higher in efficiency-SO lumens per
watt in the 40-watt size-is the white
fluorescent, which serves a variety of im-
portant illuminati'ng purposes where the
daylight color is not essential. Most effi-
cient of all practical present-day light
sources is the green fluorescent lamp, yield-
ing 75 lumens per watt in the 30-watt size.
Because it produces very little radiant
heat energy, the fluorescent lamp is in wide
demand for applications where the heat
produced by other sources is undesirable.
Among the specialized devices produced
by the lamp Division are some $400,000
worth of X-ray tubes a year, a quantity of
radiotherapy tubes used in producing arti-
ficial "fever" in the treatment of certain
diseases, and radio transmitting tubes.
Other important items are phototubes,
used in movie houses all over the country
to translate the microscopic markings on
film sound track into audible sound, speech
and music. Another type of photocell op-
erates the Safe-T-Ray used on Westing-
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devices less well known, but no less com-
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electrical apparatus.
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Two brass cuspidors for ashes
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S H O P, 1115 Venice Boulevard, Los Angeles, California
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