C.O.C.A. Times

Issue: 2006-March - Vol 7 Num 1

versions of the popular Owl, Fox, Lion, Star, and Judge
(1900-1902, of which only one example made by Berg-
er is known). Paul Berger brought out his American
Beauty slot in 1901 and an unusually named Oom-Paul
(1901-1903) that has the distinction of being one of the
tallest floor model slot machines ever produced. The
Oom-Paul was named for Paul Kruger (1825-1904),
one of the fathers of the South African Republic and
swashbuckling figure of the Boer Wars. Oom-Paul is
derived from the Dutch word for Uncle but in popular
parlance of the day it had become slang for "daring-
do." It is said that Paul Berger named the machine for
this daring-do combined with his own first name. The
Berger company also brought out their own version of
the very popular 'Dewey' upright slot (1901-1904), but
as Bueschel put it, it was the "worst looking Dewey of
them all." The Berger Company was sufficiently suc-
cessful that the Sapho Manufacturing Company, also
from Chicago, licensed it to produce the Sapho floor
peep show. (Sapho also licensed this machine to Mills,
RJ White, and others at about the same time.)
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appears to be the later National Vender, made in 1907,
that is often found selling Colgan's Taffy Tolu gum
or Wilbur's Chocolates. The connection between this
patent and the subsequent manufacture of the machine
by another company remains unknown, but suggests a
need to sell or license the patent to raise cash.
With so many products in a popular field, what hap-
pened to spell the doom of the Berger Company? Elec-
trically operated slot machines of this era used power
from a dry-cell battery to detect a winning combination
and effect a payout. While this sounds like prescient
technology - one that would not make its reappearance
for many decades - it was sadly before its time. The
contacts of these machines became dirty and unreliable,
batteries had to be replaced often, and the player would
only receive their winnings if they remembered to hold
down the activating lever while the machine completed
its cycle. These were all major drawbacks that had to
be put up with, but when fully mechanical slots made
their appearance, the electric slot machines faded as
fast as they had risen to popularity.
Another key to the demise of this company may
have been the success of the young Mills Novelty
Company. In 1897, Herbert S. Mills bought out his
father 's M.B.M. Cigar Vending Machine Company and
began selling slot machines, using the relatively new
medium of printed catalogs. What worked for Sears,
Roebuck and Co., worked for Mills and the combi-
nation of widespread advertising and a mechanically
superior product put pressure on most of the compel -
ing producers of early slot machines. By 1902, the
production of electric slot machines effectively ended
because of this pressure. To further this leadership, in
1907, Charles Fey teamed up with the Mills Novelty
Company to manufacture the Mills Liberty Bell. The
Liberty Bell featured a cast iron case, with a Liberty
Bell cast into the front of the machine. The machine
originally had cast iron feet with toes, but in later mod-
els the toes were eliminated and replaced with simpler
ornate scrolled feet. The machine's reel strips depicted
playing cards (the king, queen, and jack) and it had a
bell that rang with a winning combination. The ringing
bell was quickly dropped, but the original concept was
not lost - modern slot machines use a bell that signals
a jackpot. In 1910, the Mills Novelty Company intro-
duced a slight variation to the Liberty Bell and called it
the Operator Bell because it was more available to the
operators than competing machines. This machine had
a gooseneck coin entry and featured the now famous
fruit symbols, which are still used today. It is estimated
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Paul Berger was himself an inventor. In 1898, he ob-
tained a patent for a coin acceptor (No. 612656, October
18, 1989, Figure 1) and in 1901 , was granted a patent
(No. 676,114, June 11, 1901, Figure 2) for a slug ejec-
tor/ coin head for slot machines that eventually found
use on some of his later models. While it appears that
this later coin head was an improvement over what was
available, it was inexplicably not added to Berger's ma-
chines until several years later when a competing coin
head system that did not require the user to turn a crank
had already made its appearance on other machines.
We don ' t know if this failure to take advantage of a
new technology was because of financial problems the
company was experiencing, or if this failure to respond
to rapidly changing issues in the marketplace resulted
in the company 's hard times. Berger also patented a
match or gum vender (No. 822,909, June 12, 1906) that
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that over 30,000 of these cast iron machines were made, ers of "High-Grade Bicycles, Expert Model and Pattern
though few are found today.
Makers, Inventions perfected and specialties manufac-
We can follow the fate of the Paul E. Berger Com- tured, Tin and sheet metal work, Nickel plating in all
pany in papers filed with the State of Illinois as part its branches." A July 20, 1901 advertisement in the
of their yearly corporate reporting requirements and Police Gazette read: "For Sale. Peanut venders abso-
through other documents: On the 28th day of February lutely perfect, can't be manipulated. Our machines are
1898, Paul E. Berger, Theodore Nagel, and James A. their own salesmen. Place a sample order, it will do
Davis put their hands to the documents forming the Paul the rest. Prompt shipments. We also control all the
E. Berger Manufacturing Company and paid the $25 Spanish Salted Peanuts in the world, roasted by our
filing fee (the equivalent of $553.89 in 2005 dollars). own special process. Positively the most perfect and
They proposed the object of the new company to be artistic in design Card Machines, 5-slot combination,
the "buying, manufacturing, operating, marketing, and $7.50 each. Phonograph Horns, Garden Benches, Slot
handling on commission wood and metal working ma- Machines, all kinds. Address Paul E. Berger, Co., 395
chinery; steam, hydraulic, wind, compressed air, horse, Dearborn St. Chicago, Ill. Factory: Chicago Ridge, Ill.
foot and electric power machinery; farmers, dairymen, A visit to our factory means money and valuable infor-
mechanics and artisans machinery, tools and supplies; mation for you." What an ad, everything from claim-
also owning and operating gold, silver, nickel and tin ing a worldwide monopoly on peanuts to selling garden
plating plants; smelting plants and iron, brass and other benches and phonograph horns! An existing copy of
metal foundries." They proposed to capitalize the new Paul E. Berger, Co. letterhead from just after the turn
company with the issue of $2500 in corporate bonds, of the century shows a world globe surmounted by a
valued at $50 each, $2400 of which were to be held by wheel and electric sparks and the words "Worlds largest
Paul E. Berger with the remaining $100 to be held by manufacturer of slot and vending machines." It goes
Charlotte Berger (his wife?). The stockholders and or- on to tout lots of other manufacturing activities includ-
ganizers met on March 24th and elected the new Board ing tin plating and enameling and "Mechanical work to
of Directors: Paul E. Berger, Charlotte Berger and Otto order in any metal, copper, aluminum, bronze, machin-
Berger. Having met all the requirements of the State ing, spinning, finishing." In a era notable for hyper-
of Illinois, the Paul E. Berger Manufacturing Company bole, Paul E. Berger certainly held his own.
officially was chartered March 28th, 1898.
By 1901, the Ripley J. White Manufacturing Compa-
The new company must have been reasonably pros- ny, also of Chicago Ridge, had entered into some sort of
perous in their first year. On October 30th the follow- agreement with the Berger Company to produce some
ing year (1899), the stockholders of the company voted or all of their slot machines with the White Company
to increase the capital stock of the company to $50,000 producing their own versions of the American Beauty
(over $1.1 million in today's dollars). Based on their (regular and musical versions), the Chicago Ridge and
building and economic effect on the little city of Chi- the Oom-Paul. (Ripley J. White actually lived almost
cago Ridge, the early years were boom years, but by next door to the Berger plant.) There is some evidence
1901 there were definite signs of impending financial to support White 's production of the Berger Dewey
doom. Machines made by the company in the years ( 1901-1904). With the collapse of the electric slot ma-
of 1900 and 1901 show cutbacks in ornamentation, us- chine market in 1901 and 1902, the Berger Company
ing a sparser look and cheaper manufacturing methods. must have been in serious trouble because they failed
An advertisement that ran weekly in The National Po- to file the required annual report with the state and their
lice Gazette from May 4, 1901 to June 8, 1901 prom- charter was temporarily revoked in July of 1902. The
ised, "Guaranteed new and perfect slot machines. Owl, RJ White company loaned Berger $8,000 to help bail
Judge, Uno, Fox, Star, Lion, $40 each, Paul E. Berger out the company, but court records from 1905 indicate
Mfg Co Chicago." This was a very low price for ma- that this may have been a form of buyout. (Berger sued
chines of the time and reflects the cheaper manufacture RJ White March 29, 1905, to try to regain control of the
and (possibly) desperation by the company.
company, then valued at $120,000 and further alleged
Either because of economic pressure or as a poten- that White sold off finished inventory worth $40,000 and
tial cause of it, the Berger company was offering a diz- machinery originally costing $20,000, while pocketing
zying array of services: An early entry in the Chicago the profits for himself.) By 1903, the Berger Company
Business Directory advertised them to be manufactur- was officially reinstated in business by the State of Illi-
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